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- <text id=91TT1570>
- <title>
- July 15, 1991: Approaching Absolute Zero
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- July 15, 1991 Misleading Labels
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ART, Page 64
- Approaching Absolute Zero
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Ad Reinhardt, gadfly and hater of bogus mysticism, reduced
- painting to the pure power of austerity
- </p>
- <p>By Robert Hughes
- </p>
- <p> We are saturated in reproductions of works of art. Hence
- the more art books and magazines we thumb through, the less
- likely we are to see an original fresh, for the first time:
- reproduction precedes the work as the radar blip announces the
- incoming plane, removing its element of surprise. No well-known
- artist has ever been able to circumvent this; only obscure ones
- don't have the problem, and wish they did.
- </p>
- <p> During the 1950s, the American Ad Reinhardt dissolved the
- problem by painting pictures so dark, so apparently monochrome,
- that they could not be mechanically reproduced--images that
- come out on a glossy page as trite-looking black squares.
- Reinhardt's series of "black" paintings, completed between 1954
- and his death in 1967, are among the few works produced by an
- American that make sense only in themselves and are utterly
- meaningless in their clones. Collectively they are a superb
- vindication of art's right to be experienced at first hand. And
- they have not been seen together in the U.S. for 20 years. This
- fact alone makes this summer's Reinhardt retrospective at
- Manhattan's Museum of Modern Art, jointly organized with the
- Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles (where it will be seen
- from October), an event.
- </p>
- <p> Reinhardt was a great purist; he was also the chief gadfly
- and moralist of New York art in the time of its first big
- flowering, the '40s and '50s. Which does not imply that other
- artists in the New York School lacked probity; only that
- Reinhardt made such a fierce point of showing where he thought
- art could go wrong, become soft, betray its essence. He was a
- fine aphoristic preacher, irresistibly quotable, and a deadly
- parodist. He listed the technical skills of the modern American
- artist as "brushworking, panhandling, backscratching,
- palette-knifing, waxing, buncombing, texturing, wheedling,
- tooling, sponging...subliming, shpritzing, soft-soaping..."
- </p>
- <p> He hated the bogus mysticism that clung to interpretations
- of American art in the '50s--the cult of the heroic
- personality, of expressive blood and guts, of the Artist as
- Fate-Defying Existentialist. "My painting represents the victory
- of the forces of light and peace over the powers of darkness and
- evil," Picasso had pompously announced in 1957. Well, fine,
- wrote Reinhardt, but "my painting represents the victory of the
- forces of darkness and peace over the powers of light and evil."
- How he would have loathed the market-and-genius cultism of the
- '80s! He defined art--his own and others'--by negations. He
- took to an extreme the sphinx's riddle of early Modernism, the
- question that leads an artist along the edge of the drop where
- the aesthetic impulse no longer has a toehold in common
- experience: How much can I jettison before this painting, this
- sculpture, ceases to be painting or sculpture, before its
- essence is lost along with its attributes?
- </p>
- <p> The desire to get art down to its ultimate components and
- endow it with the communicative power of total austerity is very
- much a 20th century one. It begins with Mondrian's grids and
- Malevich's black square, sheds its mysticism in America and
- re-emerges as factual, what-you-see-is-what-you-get Minimalism.
- Reinwork was part of this process: he cleared the way for
- Minimalism without being at all interested in its factuality.
- </p>
- <p> Reinhardt was never a figurative painter; all his
- surviving work is abstract, Cubist-based at first with elements
- of collage. In the '40s it passed through a phase of "all-over"
- painting, then to loose, gridlike structures such as the lovely
- Red, Green, Blue and Orange, circa 1948, whose patches of blue
- and green seem to twinkle optically like the dispersed crosses
- that stand in for light on the sea in an early Mondrian.
- Eventually he settled on a symmetrical, predetermined array of
- blocks of one highly saturated color: first red (in 1952), then
- blue (in 1953) and finally black. Compared with what was going
- on in other American studios, Reinhardt's red and blue paintings
- looked utterly impersonal--no freehand drawing, no textures,
- no "interesting" design, just the single, hieratic array,
- motionless and ineloquent. No American artist has ever put the
- claims of what he called "art-as-art"--free from any trace of
- social or therapeutic agenda--more categorically than
- Reinhardt.
- </p>
- <p> The summing up of this is in the "black" paintings, which
- can absorb any amount of staring although they look utterly
- empty when you first see them, the pictorial equivalent of
- absolute zero. As William Rubin says in the catalog preface,
- "The visitor who `does' the Ad Reinhardt retrospective at three
- miles an hour will literally not see it." Gradually your eyes
- adjust, as to a dark room, and a form does appear: the simplest
- of shapes in the final square canvases, a cross that divides the
- surface into nine equal subsquares. Within the black there are
- the finest, barely perceptible shifts of color, a disappearing
- gleam of red or bronze, a nuance so faint and fugitive that you
- wonder whether you are imagining it.
- </p>
- <p> Perception? Illusion? Trick of sensory deprivation? It is
- impossible to know, but to pursue this infinitesimal trace of
- light, to stabilize it and recall it, is the discipline the
- painting compels. It is the ghost of the luminosity of
- Reinhardt's early work, the breath of his conception of the
- Ideal. It is also deeply romantic. One is either repelled or
- fascinated by it; there is no middle ground. Reinhardt's
- reductions, one realizes, were not those of a minimalist.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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